两难选择:通胀上升还是增长放缓?

2025-04-23

Paul Eitelman, CFA

Paul Eitelman, CFA

Global Chief Investment Strategist




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关键要点:

  • 关税可能会导致经济增长放缓、通胀上升
  • 美联储官员必须对充分就业和价格稳定的优先级进行权衡
  • 我们预计美联储年底前将降息一至两次

美联储陷入困境——目前面临的政策不确定性很高。未来几个季度,关税 可能会为美国经济带来 “轻度滞胀——经济增长放缓,物价上涨。 

能让央行行长们在实现充分就业和价格稳定这两个目标上同时面临困境的情况并不多见,他们将如何安排这两个目标的优先级?在经济前景如此不明朗的情况下,他们将如何进行政策决策?

情况很复杂

滞胀使美联储需要进行的考量更加复杂。经济增长放缓将导致降息,物价上涨则会使得美联储倾向于加息。美联储主席 Jerome Powell 在最近的一份声明中详细阐述了美联储应对这一情况的方法,并在最近的讲话中进行了清晰的描述。“我们会考虑目前的经济状况距离这两个目标各自还有多远,并预估缩小这些差距所需的不同时间。”

换句话说,无论是经济增长乏力还是通胀上升,那个带来更大更持久差距的因素都会成为美联储关注的焦点。关税到底是会导致一次性的暂时的价格上涨,还是会引发更持久的通胀,从而影响长期预期?支持前者的人对未来会对利率政策持有更鸽派的观点,并预测美联储将专注于保障充分就业——反之亦然。

人们对于这一问题众说纷纭,美联储的领导层也一样。

Fed Roundup on Rates

观望模式

在美联储的圈子里,有一条被称为“布雷纳德保守主义原则”的原则,即政策制定者在面对不确定性时应谨慎行事。这在一定程度上促使了美联储目前对利率采取观望态度(暂时不调息)。

这种不确定性,再加上对于关税导致的通胀可能造成多大问题,美联储官员的看法不一,使得美联储处于更加被动的境地。原因何在?

简而言之,除非有更令人信服的证据表明经济周期正在下行,否则美联储不太可能在未来的会议上降息。劳动力市场数据的任何下滑都可能导致其官员改变政策方向。我们将密切关注首次申请失业救济的人数、非农就业人数以及 每日新增就业岗位的数据,以寻找未来可能出现的经济疲软的任何迹象。

由于经济增长可能继续放缓,我们预计美联储将在未来某个时间降息。我们认为,下半年可能会降息一到两次。


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